This section is devoted to teaching health care profession students about nutrition, weight gain, and weight management during pregnancy and the postpartum. Materials are free to use as long as attribution to Cecilia Jevitt is included.
Educators are encouraged to pick and choose from the learning resources to develop a lesson plan for students.
1. Decide which background readings from the resources section. will help prepare students for the videos.
2. Decide which videos contain the core content students need. Midwifery students need to view all the videos to meet core midwifery competencies about weight gain and support for individuals with high weights during pregnancy.
3. Remind students that there are downloadable PowerPoint notes for each of the videos.
4. Choose which of the exercises might reinforce content for students.
5. Have students self-test using the questions covering perinatal weight gain and support for individuals with high weights during pregnancy and lactation.
6. Share the AdvantageMidwifery.org link with students and let them play in the sandbox.
7. The Image Gallery found in the More section has photos that educators may use in their own slides or teaching sites. These are available without charge.
Following completion of the videos BMI Measurement During Pregnancy, Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy and Weight Gain during Pregnancy, and related exercises the learner will be able to
Following completion of the videos Weight Related Perinatal Risks & Supportive Prenatal Care, Informed Consent Discussion about Obesity in Pregnancy and Support of Those with High Weights in Labor, Birth and Postpartum, the learner will
This video collection contains a series of video lectures. So that the material builds on previous lectures, we suggest this order for listening:
Downloadable PowerPoint slides from each of the lectures are contained in a section below the videos.
Reference lists for the videos and printable resources such as the 2021 Joint International Consensus Statement on Weight Stigma are in a section below the PowerPoint slide files.
Exercises posted here reinforce content presented in the videos.
1. Glycemic Index Exercise-manipulate food photos to think through glycemic index and food
costs
2. Mom's Prenatal Diet-a historical look at prenatal nutrition advice and changing food
availability
3. Refrigerator Reveal-hands-on practice with a tool that assists some clients talk about their
usual foods.
4. Weight-Related Prescriptions Exercise-review two weight-related prescriptions to consider
application of client-centered language and trauma informed care
This section of the website contains a set of questions that check basic knowledge about weight gain during pregnancy and obesity during pregnancy. An answer key for the questions is included. Educators are encouraged to use these questions as part of course testing.
The Image Gallery contains photos related to eating, physical activity, and perinatal weight gain. This site is growing. Individuals may use these photos for their own slides, lessons or learning platforms. Not all of the slides are examples of good nutrition or the best physical activity.
· Nutrition, activity and weight gain affects the health of two to three generations
during each pregnancy.
· Excess weight is an intergenerational physical, epigenetic adaptation to multiple
socio-economic disparities, social and physical environments that alter the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) through exposure to chronic stress
and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and broken non-nutritive food systems.
· Obesity is a socio-cultural construct. Obesity has been defined as a chronic
disease in some countries. Obesity, defined by a body mass index >29.9, is the
term used in the medical research literature. The term obesity can be
stigmatizing. Large bodies or plus size pregnancy are terms preferred by some.
· Body weight regulation is not entirely under voluntary control. Individuals with
overweight and obesity face unfounded social stigma.
· Even in the highest Work Health Organization obesity classes, there are
metabolically healthy individuals who have no weight-related-related disease.
· Evidence-based counseling assists clients to manage their own nutrition, activity
and weight gain during pregnancy.
· Health care counseling is relational and most effective when client-centered and
trauma-informed.
· Managing nutrition, activity and weight gain reduces weight-related
complications of pregnancy.
This presentation reviews the basics of nutrition during pregnancy including macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).
PowerPoint slides are available below. A set of flashcards to aide study, taken from this presentation, are available under exercises.
Prenatal weight gain advice should be tailored to individual eating patterns and prepregnancy BMI. The weight of the newborn is proportional to maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Weight gain during pregnancy has future effects on maternal and newborn health. Watch this presentation for more details.
PowerPoint slides that include kilgram measurements are available below.
BMI is an imperfect measurement yet this is the measurement used in the research about weight-related health in pregnancy. This presentation reviews body mass index (BMI) as an assessment tool, one of many health indicators. BMI is compared and contrasted with other weight measurements.
PowerPoint slides are available below.
Obesity is an adaptation to chronic HPA axis stimulation, an environment polluted with endocrine disrupting chemicals, and broken, non-nutritive food systems. This presentation reviews the roots of obesity and how it can affect three generations during a single pregnancy.
PowerPoint slides are available below.
Optimization of prenatal weight gain can lower risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes and cesarean birth. Listen to advise that can be shared with clients so that they can devise a prenatal weight gain plan that works for them.
PowerPoint slides are available below.
This video provides a template for an informed choice discussion about weight gain and weight-related risks during pregnancy. The discussion approach uses the concepts of motivational interviewing and trauma-informed care to provide sample phrases for use in practice. The reference list for this video is found under resources and reference lists.
PowerPoint slides are available below.
This presentation reviews support for clients with BMIs in the obese range during labor, birth and the immediate postpartum period.
PowerPoint slides are available below.
This presentation reviews birth outcomes to individuals with prepregnancy obesity. Although risk for problems such as hypertensive disorders and postpartum hemorrhage are statistically elevated, most individuals with high BMIs have uncomplicated vaginal births. This presentation reviews recent midwifery and medical studies highlighting the success individuals with prepregnancy obesity but no pre-existing disease, such as hypertension or diabetes, have with uncomplicated pregnancy and birth.
PowerPoint slides are available below.
This video describes two studies done for the American Association of Birth Center using its Perinatal Data Registry. Women with obesity without other diseases such as diabetes or hypertension had birth outcomes as good as women with weight in the normal body mass index range. The propensity match study published in the Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health is linked below.
PowerPoint slides are available below.
Those will high BMIs are less likely to initiate breastfeeding and most likely to wean early. As BMI increases lactogenesis II is delayed. Knowledgeable support can assist mothers to be successful with breastfeeding their newborns.
PowerPoint slides are available below.
Not everyone wants to listen to a long presentation. Some will want to skim over the PowerPoint files or use the PowerPoint files for note taking.
https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/66e908a1-451f-447f-9e29-a44710afb57e/downloads/2022-04-08%20BMI-the%205th%20vital%20sign.pptx?ver=1662433533841A A PowerPoint file for each video using slides is filed below.
2021-01-01 Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy (pdf)
Download2021 nutrition flash cards (pdf)
Download2021 Weight Gain in Pregnancy-too much, too little, just right (pptx)
Download2021-Introduction to Pregnancy for Those with High Weights (pptx)
Download2021- Weight-Related Perinatal Risks & Supportive Prenatal Care for Those with Large Bodies (pptx)
Download2021-Informed Consent Discussion About High Weights and Obesity in Pregnancy (pdf)
Download2021-Support of Those with Large Bodies in Labor, Birth and the Postpartum (pptx)
Download2021-03-17 Freestanding Birth Centers and Individuals with High BMIs (pdf)
Download2021-11-02 Perinatal Obesity-Not as Risky As You Might Think (pptx)
Download2021-11 Breastfeeding Support for Those With High Weights (pdf)
Download2022-01-15 BMI (pptx)
DownloadThis exercise uses an actual prenatal diet from 1952. Students are to compare the 1952 advice and foods to current prenatal nutrition advice and currently available foods. The goal of this exercise is to have students consider the social context around eating and medical advice and scientific expertise behind nutrition advice.
This exercise reinforces the glycemic index concept by encouraging students to order foods by estimating their glycemic index.
A secondary exercise organizes foods by cost, contrasting nutritive value with cost.
Filling out food logs is tedious. Diet recall can have a number of biases including what the client wants the provider to hear and what the provider expects to hear.
Put the technology to use. Consider asking your client to snap a photo of the inside of their refrigerator. It can be texted to the provider or shared at the next visit.
Caution: The inside of a refrigerator is as private as a closet for some people and the client may not be willing to share this. The provider also needs to remember when viewing a refrigerator that it might shared by multiple people, not just the client.
Look for refrigerator reveal photos in the image gallery.
In this exercise, students snap a photo of the inside of their refrigerator. In small groups, the students take turns sharing their refrigerator reveal. Students practice seeing what's in the refrigerator and practicing comments such as, "Your refrigerator has a lot of fruits. Which are your favorites?" or "I see there are eggs here. Tell me how you usually cook your eggs," or "Cheddar cheese. That's one of my favorites! Do you eat it often?"
Students should design and practice comments that are non-judgemental, client-centered and focus on the healthy foods in the photo.
Look for refrigerator reveal photos in the image gallery.
These flashcards contain the basic macronutrients and micronutrients necessary for a healthy pregnancy. They can be used for repetitive review. Set the printer to landscape so that the flashcards are correctly sized.
Some clinicians recommend writing a prescription for prenatal weight gain. A clinician must have an understanding of the client's thoughts about weight and weight gain during pregnancy before considering a prescription. Writing a prescription for weight gain might help the client whose family is nagging them to eat more or get bigger. This file has samples of two scanned weight-related prescriptions for use in client counseling.
Review the prescriptions and answer these questions:
2021 Scans of Prescriptions Related to Weight & Pregnancy Weight Gain (pdf)
DownloadThe short exercises in this section look at stigmatizing language that is sometimes used in research about obesity and large bodies. There is also an exercise that touches on basic research methods related to weight using a study that was designed with questionable methods.
Birth Outcomes of Women with Obesity Enrolled for Care at Freestanding Birth Centers in the United States
Cecilia M. Jevitt CNM. PhD. RM;:: Susan Stapleton CNM. DNP. Yanhong Deng PhD. Xuemei Song MS.
Kaicheng Wang MD, MPH, Diana R. Jolles CNM, PhD
First published: 30 December 2020 I https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13194
Introduction
Current US guidelines for the care of women with obesity generalize obesity-related risks to all women regardless of overall health status
and assume that birth will occur in hospitals. Perinatal outcomes for women with obesity in US freestanding birth center needs documentation.
Methods
Pregnancies recorded in the American Association of Birth Centers Perinatal Data Registry were analyzed (n = 4 ,455) to form 2 groups of
primiparous women (n = 964; 1:1 matching of women with normal body mass indices [BMls] and women with obese BM ls [2:30]) , using
propensity score matching to address the imbalance of potential confounders. Groups were compared on a range of outcomes.
Differences between groups were evaluated using x2 test for categorical variables and Student's t test for continuous variables. Paired
t-test and McNemar's test evaluated the differences among the matched pairs.
Results
The majority of women with obese BMls experienced uncomplicated perinatal courses and vaginal births. There were no significant
differences in antenatal complications, proportion of prolonged pregnancy, prolonged first and second stage labor, rupture of membranes
longer than 24 hours, postpartum hemorrhage, or newborn outcomes between women with obese BM ls and normal BM ls. Among all
women with intrapartum referrals or transfers (25.3%), the primary indications were prolonged first stage or second stage (55.4%),
inadequate pain relief (14.8%), client choice or psychological issue (7 .0%), and meconium (5.3%). Primiparous women with obesity who
started labor at a birth center had a 30.7% transfer rate and an 11.1% cesarean birth rate.
Discussion
Women with obese BMls without medical comorbidity can receive safe and effective midwifery care at freestanding birth centers while
anticipating a low risk for cesarean birth. The risks of potential, obesity-related perinatal complications should be discussed with women
when choosing place of birth; however, pregnancy complicated by obesity must be viewed holistically, not simply through the lens of obesity.
2020 Full Study-Women with Obesity Enrolled for Care at Freestanding Birth Centers.jmwh.13194 (pdf)
DownloadThis chapter is found in the new text Lactation, a Foundational Strategy for Health Promotion, by Suzanne Campbell, PhD, RN, IBCLC. Order from https://www.jblearning.com/catalog/productdetails/9781284197167#productInfo
Overview
This chapter reviews obesity as a chronic disease caused by and provoked by multiple socio-economic disparities and environmental disadvantages. The metabolic and mechanical changes that obesity imposes on the body can negatively affect breastfeeding; however, breastfeeding can be a powerful tool in ameliorating the metabolic impacts of obesity and reducing future risk for obesity in both the mother and infant.
Objectives
1. Apply new definitions of obesity as a disease and people-first language to breastfeeding support.
2. Identify socio-economic disparities that exacerbate obesity.
3. Develop techniques to support breastfeeding based on the physiology of obesity.
4. Promote the health benefits and obesity preventing effects of breastfeeding during lactation counseling.
More than 3,000 new manuscripts or books are published on prenatal nutrition, weight gain and obesity prevention each year. Not even a research team can stay current with all of them. Here are basic resources and references for educators and students.
2023-03-28 Reference List Perinatal Adaption EOSS & Metabolically Healthy Obesity (docx)
Download2020-01-01 Must Know Materials-Weight Gain & Obesity in Pregnancy (pdf)
Download2009 US Institute of Medicine Weight Gain During Pregnancy_NBK32813 (pdf)
Download2009 IOM Weight Gain in Pregnancy Recommendations Table (pptx)
Download2020 Canadian Prenatal Nutrition Guidelines (pdf)
DownloadUSDA My Plate Diet-Low Glycemic Intake (pdf)
DownloadEnding Stigma of Obesity-2020 Joint International Consensus Statement (pdf)
Download2018 Fleming, et al. Origins of Lifetime Health Around the Time of Conception. Lancet (pdf)
Download2020-01-01 Reference List-Video Informed Consent Discussion Weight Gain & Obesity During Pregnancy (pdf)
DownloadThis section of the website contains questions that check basic knowledge about weight gain, nutrition and obesity during pregnancy. Answer keys for the questions are included. Educators are encouraged to use these questions as part of course testing.